## predictNLS (Part 1, Monte Carlo simulation): confidence intervals for ‘nls’ models

Those that do a lot of nonlinear fitting with the nls function may have noticed that predict.nls does not have a way to calculate a confidence interval for the fitted value. Using confint you can obtain the error of the fit parameters, but how about the error in fitted values? ?predict.nls says: “At present se.fit and interval are ignored.” What a pity… This is largely to the fact that confidence intervals for nonlinear fits are not easily calculated and under some debate, see http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/plotting-confidence-bands-from-predict-nls-td3505012.html or http://thr3ads.net/r-help/2011/05/1053390-plotting-confidence-bands-from-predict.nls. In principle, since calculating the error in the fitted values is a matter of “error propagation”, two different approaches can be used:

1) Error propagation using approximation by (first-order) Taylor expansion around $f(x)$,

2) Error propagation using Monte Carlo simulation.

Topic 1) will be subject of my next post, today we will stick with the MC approach.

When calculating the error in the fitted values, we need to propagate the error of all variables, i.e. the error in all predictor variables $x_m$ and the error of the fit parameters $\beta$, to the response $y = f(x_m, \beta)$. Often (as in the ‘Examples’ section of nls), there is no error in the $x_m$-values. The errors of the fit parameters $\beta$ are obtained, together with their correlations, in the variance-covariance matrix $\Sigma$ from vcov(object).

A Monte Carlo approach to nonlinear error propagation does the following:

1) Use as input $\mu_m$ and $\sigma_m^2$ of all predictor variables and the vcov matrix $\Sigma$ of the fit parameters $\beta$.

2) For each variable $m$, we create $n$ samples from a multivariate normal distribution using the variance-covariance matrix: $x_{m, n} \sim \mathcal{N}(\mu, \Sigma)$.

3) We evaluate the function on each simulated variable: $y_n = f(x_{m, n}, \beta)$

4) We calculate statistics (mean, s.d., median, mad) and quantile-based confidence intervals on the vector $y_n$.

This is exactly what the following function does: It takes an nls object, extracts the variables/parameter values/parameter variance-covariance matrix, creates an “augmented” covariance matrix (with the variance/covariance values from the parameters and predictor variables included, the latter often being zero), simulates from a multivariate normal distribution (using mvrnorm of the ‘MASS’ package), evaluates the function (object$call$formula) on the values and finally collects statistics. Here we go:

predictNLS <- function(
object,
newdata,
level = 0.95,
nsim = 10000,
...
)
{
require(MASS, quietly = TRUE)

## get right-hand side of formula
RHS <- as.list(object$call$formula)[[3]]
EXPR <- as.expression(RHS)

## all variables in model
VARS <- all.vars(EXPR)

## coefficients
COEF <- coef(object)

## extract predictor variable
predNAME <- setdiff(VARS, names(COEF))

## take fitted values, if 'newdata' is missing
if (missing(newdata)) {
newdata <- eval(object\$data)[predNAME]
colnames(newdata) <- predNAME
}

## check that 'newdata' has same name as predVAR
if (names(newdata)[1] != predNAME) stop("newdata should have name '", predNAME, "'!")

## get parameter coefficients
COEF <- coef(object)

## get variance-covariance matrix
VCOV <- vcov(object)

## augment variance-covariance matrix for 'mvrnorm'
## by adding a column/row for 'error in x'
NCOL <- ncol(VCOV)
ADD2 <- c(rep(0, NCOL + 1))

## iterate over all entries in 'newdata' as in usual 'predict.' functions
NR <- nrow(newdata)
respVEC <- numeric(NR)
seVEC <- numeric(NR)
varPLACE <- ncol(VCOV)

## define counter function
counter <- function (i)
{
if (i%%10 == 0)
cat(i)
else cat(".")
if (i%%50 == 0)
cat("\n")
flush.console()
}

outMAT <- NULL

for (i in 1:NR) {
counter(i)

## get predictor values and optional errors
predVAL <- newdata[i, 1]
if (ncol(newdata) == 2) predERROR <- newdata[i, 2] else predERROR <- 0
names(predVAL) <- predNAME
names(predERROR) <- predNAME

## create mean vector for 'mvrnorm'
MU <- c(COEF, predVAL)

## create variance-covariance matrix for 'mvrnorm'
## by putting error^2 in lower-right position of VCOV
newVCOV <- VCOV
newVCOV[varPLACE, varPLACE] <- predERROR^2

## create MC simulation matrix
simMAT <- mvrnorm(n = nsim, mu = MU, Sigma = newVCOV, empirical = TRUE)

## evaluate expression on rows of simMAT
EVAL <- try(eval(EXPR, envir = as.data.frame(simMAT)), silent = TRUE)
if (inherits(EVAL, "try-error")) stop("There was an error evaluating the simulations!")

## collect statistics
PRED <- data.frame(predVAL)
colnames(PRED) <- predNAME
FITTED <- predict(object, newdata = data.frame(PRED))
MEAN.sim <- mean(EVAL, na.rm = TRUE)
SD.sim <- sd(EVAL, na.rm = TRUE)
MEDIAN.sim <- median(EVAL, na.rm = TRUE)
QUANT <- quantile(EVAL, c((1 - level)/2, level + (1 - level)/2))
RES <- c(FITTED, MEAN.sim, SD.sim, MEDIAN.sim, MAD.sim, QUANT[1], QUANT[2])
outMAT <- rbind(outMAT, RES)
}

colnames(outMAT) <- c("fit", "mean", "sd", "median", "mad", names(QUANT[1]), names(QUANT[2]))
rownames(outMAT) <- NULL

cat("\n")

return(outMAT)
}


The input is an ‘nls’ object, a data.frame ‘newdata’ of values to be predicted with
the value $x_{new}$ in the first column and (optional) “errors-in-x” (as $\sigma$) in the second column.
The number of simulations can be tweaked with nsim as well as the alpha-level for the
confidence interval.
The output is $f(x_{new}, \beta)$ (fitted value), $\mu(y_n)$ (mean of simulation), $\sigma(y_n)$ (s.d. of simulation), $median(y_n)$ (median of simulation), $mad(y_n)$ (mad of simulation) and the lower/upper confidence interval.

Ok, let’s go to it (taken from the ‘?nls’ documentation):

 DNase1 <- subset(DNase, Run == 1) fm1DNase1 <- nls(density ~ SSlogis(log(conc), Asym, xmid, scal), DNase1) ## usual predict.nls has no confidence intervals implemented predict(fm1DNase1, newdata = data.frame(conc = 5), interval = "confidence") [1] 1.243631 attr(,"gradient") Asym xmid scal [1,] 0.5302925 -0.5608912 -0.06804642 
In the next post we will see how to use the gradient attribute to calculate a first-order Taylor expansion around $f(x)$

However, predictNLS gives us the error and confidence interval at $x = 5$:

 predictNLS(fm1DNase1, newdata = data.frame(conc = 5)) . fit mean sd median mad 2.5% 97.5% [1,] 1.243631 1.243293 0.009462893 1.243378 0.009637439 1.224608 1.261575 
Interesting to see, how close the mean of the simulation comes to the actual fitted value…
We could also add some error in $x$ to propagate to $y$:
 > predictNLS(fm1DNase1, newdata = data.frame(conc = 5, error = 0.1)) . fit mean sd median mad 2.5% 97.5% [1,] 1.243631 1.243174 0.01467673 1.243162 0.01488567 1.214252 1.272103 

Have fun. If anyone know how to calculate a “prediction interval” (maybe quantile regression) give me hint…

Cheers,
Andrej

### 6 Responses to predictNLS (Part 1, Monte Carlo simulation): confidence intervals for ‘nls’ models

1. Katharine Mullen says:

This is a very nice post. I suspect that many people have written code to do the same, and not shared it; you have written a good general-purpose solution. Thanks for taking the effort to share it.

2. Bartek says:

Dear Andrej,

thanks a lot for this post. I attempted to use it for an nls in two variables with three parameters and it fails to work unfortunately. I haven’t fully understood the code yet but it seems to me like this is limited to models of one variable, correct? B.

• Bartek says:

The error occurs in the augmentation of the covariance matrix:

Error in colnames<-(*tmp*, value = c("x", "y")) :
length of 'dimnames' [2] not equal to array extent

• anspiess says:

Dear Bartek,

have you tried the ‘predictNLS* function in my ‘propagate’ package? At the end of the ‘Examples’ section, there is an example using multiple predictor values.
Please tell me if it works for you or otherwise please post your code so I can see what I can do…

Cheers,
Andrej

3. Yasong Lu says:

Dear Andrej,

Thank you for sharing your code, and indeed it is helpful for me. I’m trying to implement it in Splus, and having some trouble. I hope you could help me out.

This is the formula of my nls model, y ~ logist(log(x),xmid,scal). The error in calling this predictNLS function comes from the EVAL statement below. It seems to me there is a mismatch between EXPR (expression(logist, log(x), xmid, scal)) and the names of simMAT (xmid, scal, and x), and the “logist” and “log()” in the formula messes up the eval(). I don’t know if my understanding is correct, and would like to hear your advice how to fix the error.

## evaluate expression on rows of simMAT
EVAL <- try(eval(EXPR, envir = as.data.frame(simMAT)), silent = TRUE)
if (inherits(EVAL, "try-error")) stop("There was an error evaluating the simulations!")

thank you,
Yasong

4. beckmw says:

This is fantastic, thanks for sharing! I was able to get this working for my example after a few minor tweaks.